Analysis of Vegetation Cover Change with Satellite Images using Landsat 8 in the Inambari District in the Period 2013-2023

Multi-temporal analysis of vegetation cover allows the detection and monitoring of changes in vegetation cover, such as deforestation, reforestation, urban expansion or changes in land use, and also provides valuable information for territorial planning and land use management. . , those responsible for urban, regional and environmental planning can use these analyzes to make informed decisions about how to use and conserve natural resources in a sustainable way and also facilitate the environmental impact assessment of human activities, such as agriculture, mining or urbanization. The objective of this article is to identify and quantify the changes in vegetation cover in the Inambari district using Landsat 8 satellite images, which is non-experimental and quantitative in approach, the Arcgis 10.5 software was applied to make the maps of vegetation cover and was carried out in the District of Inambari, Province of Tambopata and Department of Madre de Dios, where the comparison of changes in vegetation cover was carried out in the years 2013, 2015, 2017 and 2023. The results showed that the variation The maximum vegetation cover was between the years 2015 and 2017 in the soil without vegetation cover, which was from 45190.27 to 264766.32 hectares with a percentage variation of 45.3% and the minimum variation was between the years 2013 to 2015 in the soil without vegetation cover, which It was from 25528.08 to 45190.27 Hectares with an increase of 4.1%.


INTRODUCTION
Over time, human activity on Earth has gradually and constantly caused changes in biodiversity, with vegetation being the most impacted.This is due to the disorderly growth of urban areas and excessive deforestation to expand agricultural crops.This practice has caused the alteration of the natural course of rivers and streams, as well as the reduction of natural water surfaces, effects that are currently being studied using satellite images.
Satellite images are considered those that contain information about the state of surface objects and that are captured by remote space sensors [1].
The Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI) is an indicator of the state of the vegetation [2].
With satellite images, a management tool is being built in this way, which allows linking those physical, climatic and social factors that in one way or another have caused notable changes in plant composition [3].
Formulate alternatives for the conservation of vegetation as part of ecosystem services, generating information that encourages guaranteeing conservation and thus the availability of natural resources for future generations [4].
Understanding changes in vegetation cover over time is essential to address environmental challenges and promote ecosystem sustainability [5].
Thermal remote sensing is a term that refers to the measurements obtained by a sensor located on board a platform (an airplane or satellite) that captures the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the Earth's surface in the thermal infrared region [6].
The multi-temporal spatial diagnosis is carried out by comparing the coverage interpreted in two satellite images or maps of the same place on different dates and allows evaluating the changes in the situation of the coverage that has been classified [7].
In this context, the application of satellite images, such as those provided by Landsat 8, has emerged as an invaluable tool to monitor and analyze these changes systematically and on This study is positioned at the intersection of cutting-edge satellite technology and the prevailing need to understand and manage natural resources.Through a detailed multitemporal analysis, we seek to contribute significantly to the knowledge about the dynamics of vegetation cover in the Inambari district, allowing the identification of critical areas and the design of effective strategies for the conservation and sustainable use of natural resources.

ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY
The study area was in the Inambari District, Province of Tambopata and Department of Madre de Dios, since this is no stranger to transformations in its natural environment due to factors such as urban expansion and agricultural practices.
The data collection was obtained from Landsat 8 satellite images of the United States Geological Survey (USGS), the sample of this article was chosen with a non-probabilistic sampling for convenience, where images from the years 2013, 2015, 2017 were obtained.
and 2023 applying the Arcmap 10.5 Software, the present study is of a non-experimental, descriptive research level and has a quantitative approach, the procedure is shown in Fig. 1.

Figure 1. Procedure for obtaining and calculating NDVI
Source: Autor

RESULTS
Below are the maps obtained from the NDVI of the Inambari District for the years 2013 and 2015, tables are also shown where you can view the extensions in hectares of the different coverages of this district as well as the percentage that they occupy, which is visualize in Fig. 2 and in the table 1 and table 2.  Below are the maps obtained from the NDVI of the Inambari District for the years 2017 and 2023, tables are also shown where you can view the extensions in hectares of the different coverages of this district as well as the percentage that these occupy, which is visualize in Fig. 3 and in the table 3 and table 4.  As a result, the vegetation cover maps for the years 2013, 2015, 2017 and 2023 were obtained; where the largest area of land with dense vegetation was 253728.85hectares in 2013 and which was reduced to only 370.49hectares, it had a reduction of 52.3%, and with respect to the land without vegetation cover there was an increase from 25528.08 hectares to 399254.49hectares.There being an increase of 77.11% between the years 2013 and 2023, it was also obtained that the maximum variation in vegetation cover was between the years 2015 and 2017 in the soil without vegetation cover, which was from 45190.27 to 264766.32 hectares with a percentage variation of 45.3.% and the minimum variation was between the years 2013 to 2015 in the soil without vegetation cover, which was from 25528.08 to 45190.27Hectares with an increase of 4.1%.

CONCLUSIONS
It is concluded that the decrease in the area with dense vegetation in the Inambari district is evident, going from 253,728.85 hectares in 2013 to only 370.49hectares in 2023.This reduction represents a decrease of 52.3%, which indicates a considerable impact on the health of the local ecosystem A substantial increase is observed in areas without vegetation cover, going from 25,528.08 hectares in 2013 to 399,254.49hectares in 2023.This expansion represents an increase of 77.11%, which suggests significant pressure on the soil and a possible influence of unsustainable activities, like mining.
The greatest fluctuation in vegetation cover is recorded between 2015 and 2017 in areas without vegetation, going from 45,190.27 hectares to 264,766.32 hectares.This 45.3% variation indicates drastic changes in the landscape and highlights the importance of examining human activities, especially those related to mining, during this period.
The results highlight the need for continuous monitoring of vegetation cover to understand trends and take conservation measures.Land management policies and practices must be adapted to address the detected changes, preserving critical areas of vegetation and mitigating possible negative environmental impacts in the Inambari district.

Table 1 .
Extension and coverage percentages of Inambari in 2013

Table 2 .
Extension and coverage percentages of Inambari in 2015 Source: Autor

Table 3 .
Extension and coverage percentages of Inambari in 2017

Table 4 .
Extension and coverage percentages of Inambari in 2023